15.1 Introduction

The word “bioelectronics” refers to the fusion of biology with electronics and refers to a

wide range of bio-related structures utilized within the electrochemical community in

broader applications [1]. The term “bioelectronic interface” refers to a variety of bio-

integrated electrodes that communicate with biological systems. Bioelectronic interfaces

are created on the surface of the human skin, or within the human body. The interfaces

can be designed for electro-stimulation [2], as target applications and physiological signal

recording [3]. Despite the different modalities and form factors of extant bioelectrodes,

some common principles govern the configuration and manufacture of bioelectronic in­

terfaces having high-performance, like minimum interfacial impedance. The fundamental

differences between organic tissues and artificial electronics, on the other hand, cannot be

overlooked. Human skin is permeable at epidermal interfaces, but electronics normally

require tight encapsulation for long life spans. Tissues are ironically conductive, soft, and

implanted interfaces, yet traditional electronics are hard, water-exclusive, and electro­

nically conductive. As a result, connecting stiff electrodes with curved, complex, and

dynamic tissues of the human body poses substantial obstacles. This field has made

significant developments recently, although the extent of that advancement is dependent

on material innovation. The appearance of two-dimensional (2D) structured materials

has spurred the bioelectronics area of research over the last decade. Following gra­

phene’s breakthrough are black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides, gra­

phitic C3N4, and metal−organic frameworks [1]. MXenes have been applied in different

areas, including bioelectronic and biomedical applications, thanks to the attempts made

by chemists and materialists. Apart from their two-dimensional layered structure, these

new two-dimensional materials have unique physicochemical and electronic proper­

ties, large surface areas, two-dimensional tunable architectures, DNA, cells, and they

effectively interact covalently with small biomolecules, proteins, and many other small

molecules and other biocreatures are just a few of the advantages. As a result of these

unique features, 2D materials have a lot of potential in a variety of applications, in­

cluding drug delivery vehicles, biosensors, bioimaging agents, bioelectronics, and

cancer therapy platforms [4].

The recent development of a 2D-layered chemical family known as “MXenes” has pi­

qued the scientific community’s interest, owing to special electronic and structural

properties, which allow them to be used in a variety of applications. MXenes are the name

given to a category of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonatites that are pro­

duced by chemical delamination of MAX phases, which are 3D ternary (or quaternary)

compounds.

Ti3C2Tx (short Ti3C2) is the most researched MXene to date, with Tx denoting surface

terminations, which are commonly O, OH, and/or F. A novel form of MAX phase, known

as i-MAX, was recently identified, resulting in an MXene with in-plane vacancy ordering.

The first vacancy MXene, in addition to having a high conductivity, has shown a sig­

nificant capacity to construct supercapacitors [5]. The use of spontaneous transfers of

electrons among MXenes and organic monomers to facilitate the polymerization of the

organic monomers to form composite films has proven to be very successful in recent

years. These approaches, on the other hand, take a long time and do not produce an

ordered composite film in a single step, which must later be achieved through vacuum

filtration. MXene, which is normally negatively charged, is extremely similar to electro­

lyte ions in a colloidal solution [6]. When MXene is added to the electropolymerization

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Bioelectronics